Strategies of medical intervention in the management of acute spinal cord injury.

STUDY DESIGN : Literature review. OBJECTIVE : The purpose of this paper is to review clinical treatment strategies and future developments in the treatment of acute spinal cord injury. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA : The treatment of acute spinal cord injury continues to be supportive. The search for specialized pharmacologic agents to prevent secondary injury and promote repair or regeneration remains heated. METHODS : Medline search from 1996 to present limited to clinical research and basic science review articles in the English Language. RESULTS : Steroids continue to be administered in the clinical setting of acute spinal cord injury primarily out of peer pressure and fear of litigation. Basic science experiments suggest that modulation of post-traumatic inflammation may provide the best opportunity to arrest the secondary injury cascade. Protein kinase and metalloproteinase inhibition are promising treatment strategies. Regeneration techniques are concentrating on cell transplantation and manipulating glial receptors and protein production. Clinical investigations are limited to Phase III trials on a very select few of these drugs. CONCLUSIONS : While many advances in the basic science of spinal cord injury provide optimism for future treatments, clinical science lags. At present, there are no pharmacologic strategies of proven benefit. Although steroids continue to be given to patients with spinal cord injury in many institutions, evidence of deleterious effects continues to accumulate. Current standard of care management includes support of arterial oxygenation and spinal cord perfusion pressure.